What endometriosis is
Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows in other places — commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the lining of the pelvis, and sometimes further afield. Each month this tissue responds to hormones and bleeds, but unlike a period it has nowhere to go, causing inflammation, pain and scarring.
It affects around one in nine women, making it very common, yet it still takes an average of about seven years to diagnose — partly because its main symptom, period pain, is so often dismissed as normal.
What it feels like
The hallmark is period pain severe enough to disrupt your life — pain that stops you working, studying or doing normal activities, and that painkillers barely touch. But endometriosis can cause much more: pain during or after sex, pelvic pain between periods, painful bowel movements or urination (especially around your period), heavy or irregular bleeding, bloating, fatigue, and difficulty falling pregnant.
Symptoms don't always match the extent of the disease. Some women with mild-looking endometriosis have severe pain, and vice versa — so your experience is what matters, not just what's seen.
What causes it
The exact cause isn't fully understood. Leading theories involve menstrual blood flowing backwards through the fallopian tubes, immune and genetic factors, and hormonal influences. It tends to run in families, so genetics play a role.
There's no way to prevent it, but there's a lot that can be done to manage it. If your period pain is severe or you have these symptoms, don't accept being told it's just part of being a woman — see a GP and raise the possibility of endometriosis.
Related condition
Endometriosis →References & sources
This content is general information and not a substitute for individual medical advice. Please consult a GP for your personal situation.
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